diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6e6651f..1b4c380 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "man",
  "p256",
+ "pcsc",
  "rand 0.7.3",
  "secrecy",
  "sha2",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ab6dc84..869a7e0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ gumdrop = "0.8"
 hex = "0.4"
 log = "0.4"
 p256 = { version = "0.7", features = ["ecdh"] }
+pcsc = "2.4"
 rand = "0.7"
 secrecy = "0.7"
 sha2 = "0.9"
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 7080d18..3705070 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use age_plugin::run_state_machine;
 use dialoguer::{Confirm, Select};
 use gumdrop::Options;
-use log::warn;
 use yubikey_piv::{
     certificate::PublicKeyInfo,
     key::{RetiredSlotId, SlotId},
@@ -184,20 +183,8 @@ fn identity(opts: PluginOptions) -> Result<(), Error> {
 fn list(all: bool) -> Result<(), Error> {
     let mut readers = Readers::open()?;
 
-    for reader in readers.iter()? {
-        let mut yubikey = match reader.open() {
-            Ok(yk) => yk,
-            Err(e) => {
-                use std::error::Error;
-                let reason = if let Some(inner) = e.source() {
-                    format!("{}: {}", e, inner)
-                } else {
-                    e.to_string()
-                };
-                warn!("Ignoring {}: {}", reader.name(), reason);
-                continue;
-            }
-        };
+    for reader in readers.iter()?.filter(yubikey::filter_connected) {
+        let mut yubikey = reader.open()?;
 
         for key in Key::list(&mut yubikey)? {
             // We only use the retired slots.
@@ -294,28 +281,18 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), Error> {
         eprintln!("make your choice, or press [Esc] or [q] to quit.");
         eprintln!();
 
-        if Readers::open()?.iter()?.len() == 0 {
+        if Readers::open()?
+            .iter()?
+            .filter(yubikey::filter_connected)
+            .next()
+            .is_none()
+        {
             eprintln!("⏳ Please insert the YubiKey you want to set up.");
         };
         let mut readers = yubikey::wait_for_readers()?;
 
         // Filter out readers we can't connect to.
-        let readers_list: Vec<_> = readers
-            .iter()?
-            .filter(|reader| match reader.open() {
-                Ok(_) => true,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    use std::error::Error;
-                    let reason = if let Some(inner) = e.source() {
-                        format!("{}: {}", e, inner)
-                    } else {
-                        e.to_string()
-                    };
-                    warn!("Ignoring {}: {}", reader.name(), reason);
-                    false
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
+        let readers_list: Vec<_> = readers.iter()?.filter(yubikey::filter_connected).collect();
 
         let reader_names = readers_list
             .iter()
diff --git a/src/yubikey.rs b/src/yubikey.rs
index 1bb9816..f8c8f0c 100644
--- a/src/yubikey.rs
+++ b/src/yubikey.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,18 @@ use age_core::{
 use age_plugin::{identity, Callbacks};
 use bech32::{ToBase32, Variant};
 use dialoguer::Password;
+use log::warn;
 use secrecy::ExposeSecret;
 use std::convert::TryInto;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io;
+use std::iter;
 use std::thread::sleep;
 use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
 use yubikey_piv::{
     certificate::{Certificate, PublicKeyInfo},
     key::{decrypt_data, AlgorithmId, RetiredSlotId, SlotId},
+    readers::Reader,
     yubikey::Serial,
     MgmKey, Readers, YubiKey,
 };
@@ -30,12 +33,29 @@ use crate::{
 const ONE_SECOND: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1);
 const FIFTEEN_SECONDS: Duration = Duration::from_secs(15);
 
+pub(crate) fn filter_connected(reader: &Reader) -> bool {
+    match reader.open() {
+        Ok(_) => true,
+        Err(e) => {
+            use std::error::Error;
+            if let Some(pcsc::Error::RemovedCard) =
+                e.source().and_then(|inner| inner.downcast_ref())
+            {
+                warn!("Ignoring {}: not connected", reader.name());
+                false
+            } else {
+                true
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub(crate) fn wait_for_readers() -> Result<Readers, Error> {
     // Start a 15-second timer waiting for a YubiKey to be inserted (if necessary).
     let start = SystemTime::now();
     loop {
         let mut readers = Readers::open()?;
-        if readers.iter()?.len() > 0 {
+        if readers.iter()?.filter(filter_connected).next().is_some() {
             break Ok(readers);
         }
 
@@ -47,7 +67,12 @@ pub(crate) fn wait_for_readers() -> Result<Readers, Error> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn open(serial: Option<Serial>) -> Result<YubiKey, Error> {
-    if Readers::open()?.iter()?.len() == 0 {
+    if Readers::open()?
+        .iter()?
+        .filter(filter_connected)
+        .next()
+        .is_none()
+    {
         if let Some(serial) = serial {
             eprintln!("⏳ Please insert the YubiKey with serial {}.", serial);
         } else {
@@ -55,22 +80,25 @@ pub(crate) fn open(serial: Option<Serial>) -> Result<YubiKey, Error> {
         }
     }
     let mut readers = wait_for_readers()?;
-    let mut readers_iter = readers.iter()?;
+    let mut readers_iter = readers.iter()?.filter(filter_connected);
 
     // --serial selects the YubiKey to use. If not provided, and more than one YubiKey is
     // connected, an error is returned.
-    let yubikey = match (readers_iter.len(), serial) {
-        (0, _) => unreachable!(),
-        (1, None) => readers_iter.next().unwrap().open()?,
-        (1, Some(serial)) => {
-            let yubikey = readers_iter.next().unwrap().open()?;
+    let yubikey = match (readers_iter.next(), readers_iter.next(), serial) {
+        (None, _, _) => unreachable!(),
+        (Some(reader), None, None) => reader.open()?,
+        (Some(reader), None, Some(serial)) => {
+            let yubikey = reader.open()?;
             if yubikey.serial() != serial {
                 return Err(Error::NoMatchingSerial(serial));
             }
             yubikey
         }
-        (_, Some(serial)) => {
-            let reader = readers_iter
+        (Some(a), Some(b), Some(serial)) => {
+            let reader = iter::empty()
+                .chain(Some(a))
+                .chain(Some(b))
+                .chain(readers_iter)
                 .find(|reader| match reader.open() {
                     Ok(yk) => yk.serial() == serial,
                     _ => false,
@@ -78,7 +106,7 @@ pub(crate) fn open(serial: Option<Serial>) -> Result<YubiKey, Error> {
                 .ok_or(Error::NoMatchingSerial(serial))?;
             reader.open()?
         }
-        (_, None) => return Err(Error::MultipleYubiKeys),
+        (Some(_), Some(_), None) => return Err(Error::MultipleYubiKeys),
     };
 
     Ok(yubikey)